Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) refer to potentially traumatic events in childhood, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction, that can have long-lasting effects on health, behavior, and well-being. The authors discuss the connection between ACEs and poor physical and mental health outcomes, emphasizing that individuals with ADHD often have higher ACE scores. Through examples like Dr. Hallowell’s relationship with his grandmother and the experiences of other individuals, the text underscores the importance of fostering connection and belonging to counteract the negative impact of ACEs.

Applied behavioral analysis (ABA) is a behavioral intervention method that focuses on conditioning desired behaviors through rewards and consequences. In ADHD 2.0, the authors contrast ABA with social learning approaches, which aim to cultivate a deeper understanding of social behaviors and motivations. While both methods are presented as valuable tools for managing ADHD symptoms, the authors caution against the divisiveness within the field, arguing that “each group has a great deal to offer” (92). ABA is considered controversial, particularly in neurodivergent communities where it has been criticized for encouraging masking behaviors. By advocating for an integrated and individualized approach, the authors emphasize flexibility and self-awareness in ADHD management.