The Circassian Genocide refers to the mass extermination and forced displacement of the Circassian people by the Russian Empire during and after the Caucasian War (1763-1864). The Circassians, a primarily Muslim ethnic group that converted from Orthodox Christianity in medieval times, are the indigenous population of the Caucasus. This region between the Black and Caspian Sea has historically been a battleground between the rival Ottoman and Russian empires. The origins of the Circassian Genocide can be traced back to the expansionist policies of Russia at the time, which aimed to assert control over the strategically vital North Caucasus region, which served as a corridor to the Black Sea.

This genocidal campaign was motivated by a combination of factors including territorial ambition, the imposition of Russian culture through Russification, and religious tensions, particularly anti-Muslim sentiments. The 1829 Treaty of Adrianople, a result of the Russo-Turkish War, further extended Russian influence over the Caucasus, intensifying pressure on the Circassian people. Despite facing significant resistance from the Circassians, the Russian military employed cleansing tactics, including the burning of villages and scorched earth strategies. The resultant casualties, alongside forced displacements and famine, were devastating, with estimates suggesting 1 to 1.5 million deaths, marking it as the deadliest ethnic cleansing campaign of the 19th century.