Vitale discusses the “warrior mentality” (3) conundrum. This combative approach to policing is strengthened by acquisition by police precincts of military grade equipment, weapons, and vehicles. Thus, “police often think of themselves as soldiers in a battle with the public rather than guardians of public safety” (3). Essentially, this defeats the purpose of peace officers and encourages by its very nature confrontation with members of the community. Respect through force, Vitale argues, is paramount to controlling the public with fear tactics.

The broken window theory holds that minor signs of disorder in a community, like a broken window, encourage other forms of social disorder and can lead to higher rates of crime. Broken window policing targets these small signs of disorder and minor crimes to foster an environment that’s less hospitable or mitigates serious crime. Vitale argues that this type of policing “targets low-level infractions for intensive, invasive, and aggressive enforcement” (5). This form of policing is especially prevalent in major cities where racial tensions are high. It maintains a punitive approach toward people of color in an attempt to deter criminal behavior.