Located on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, Notre-Dame Cathedral dates back to the 12th century. Its construction began in 1163 under the reign of King Louis VII and the supervision of Bishop Maurice de Sully. The cathedral was largely completed by 1345, after nearly two centuries of construction, which allowed for the incorporation of evolving Gothic design elements over the period.

The cathedral’s construction began during the early stages of the Gothic architectural movement, a style that emerged in the 12th century and spread across Europe. This style was characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which allowed for taller and more light-filled structures than the earlier Romanesque style. The intention behind these elements was to create a heavenly space on earth, filled with light and color, symbolizing divine presence. Notre-Dame’s initial design included a nave with four stories: an arcade, a gallery, a triforium, and a clerestory. The use of pointed arches allowed for more effective weight distribution, so walls could be thinner and contain more windows. These windows, many filled with stained glass, became significant sources of light and storytelling, illustrating biblical scenes and saints’ lives.